Effectiveness of Groundwater Boiling as Household Water Treatment in Metro and Bekasi Cities, Indonesia

Groundwater serves as a major drinking water source due to inadequate piped supplies in Indonesia. To eliminate the health risks associated with groundwater consumption, boiling appears most suitable and cost-effective treatment technique widely practiced Despite efforts, inappropriate storage handling practices pose higher risk of recontamination after treatment. The objective this study was analyse effectiveness treated Metro Bekasi cities, at point use samples were surveyed assessed from total 116 households, resulting 60% 35% E. coli contamination, respectively. Paired testing involving observed reduction microbial for 45% households. However, 12% had an increase even though reported. Furthermore, concentration prior showed statistically significant difference (N=111, P<0.01). This demonstrated reducing although evident some cases, likely unsafe unhygienic environment.